TAJUK : MINGGU 5 TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
NAZRUL 196202 IKMAL 197345
Macro structure The global meaning of a replaceable text from the topic / theme of a text |
Superstructure A frame of a text the advance section, contents, cover and conclusion |
Micro structure The meaning of the locality of replaceable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles worn used by a text |
Figure 1: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by vanDijk (1977) |
Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995) | ||
Textual Analysis Analysis
| Practical Discourse Analysis | Social Practical Analysis |
Grammar · Themes Lexical · Metaphors Cohesion · Repetition · Intellectual
| Conjunctions · Pre-assumptions · Meta Discourse · Disclaimer
Interdiscussion · Narrative · Debate · Expositories · Expressive | Economics Education Politics |
Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995) | ||
DECENCY STRATEGY | |
Bald on-record | Positive Decency |
Example: Ready! Listen.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Welcome Invite to eat | Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow a hundred ringgit? I follow you to the hospital, if you don't mind.
|
Negative Decency | Off-record
|
Perhaps he took the box, May be! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed. | Wah, was getting cooler in this room. Expensively correct shoe prices here. Your clothes are beautiful. |
Figure 3: Decency Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987) | |
Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b) | ||||
PRE-CONCEPT | EMOTIONAL | VALUE AND CULTURE | LANGUAGE | INFERENS |
1. Intuition 2. Context · Acceptance / Disclaimer · Requirements · Referals · Anaphora · Repetition · Blur · Affirmation | 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed · Behaviour · Personality · Mood · Motivation | 1. Self 2. Community 3. Custom
· Honest, sincere, kind, loving sweetheart, crafts, to be thanked, simplicity · Independent, prudent height, courage of physical hygiene and mentally, politeness · Respect respect, cooperation, societal spirit of Justice, freedom, rationality | 1. First / second / third language 2. Formal / informal 3. Language errors 4. Linguistics | 1. Overall summary 2. Formulation topics discussion 3. Conclusion word |
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) | ||||
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) | ||
Content | Context | Assumptions |
1. Themes | 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotions | 1. Opinion 2. Reference 3. Questions |
Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis | ||
Table 2: Context in Social Value Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories
Title | Grammar | Background | Emotional |
Families | Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children | Mother's house and father | Happy, longing |
Self | Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children | Inside and outside home, school | Happy |
I am the one special | Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children | Mother's house and father |
|
I know | Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children | Inside or outside home
| Down, sad, sympathy |
I understand | Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children | Home, school or in public places | Happy, Sympathy, Concern |
Content in Social Stories
Schedule 3: Content in Social Stories
Title | Text | Theme | Sample/Type | Material |
Grandmother and grandfather | Short story | Family | Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Narration |
I am Special | Short story | Family | Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Narration |
Family | Short story | Family | Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim | Narration |
Hearth | Short story | Family | Mother, teacher, Alim, friends | Narration |
Neighbour | Short story | Neighbour | Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim | Narration |
Context in Social Stories
Schedule 4: Context in Social Stories
Title | Grammatical | Background | Emotion |
Grandma and Grandfather | Use words and verses that are easy and suitable for all including special children | Grandparent's village. | Happy, miss, sad, angry, wrong, satisfied |
I Am Special
| The use of words and verses that are easy and suitable for all including special children | Mother and father's house. | Happy, satisfied, sad
|
Family
| Easy and appropriate use of words and verses for all, including special children | The house of mother and father | Happy, restless
|
Heart
| Use words and verses that are easy and suitable for all, including special children | School, home, neighbors | Happy |
Neighbour | Use of words and verses that are easy and suitable for all, including special children | The house of mother and father, also neighbor
|
Happy, sympathy, caring, sad |
Summary
Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
Social Story Title | Social Values |
Grandmother and Grandfather | Loving, caring, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, honestly, kindly, family, patient |
I am Special | Sincere, help each other, care, responsibility |
Family | Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
Kind heart | Love, caring, sincere, honest, shared, grateful, respectful, hardworking |
Neighbour | Good, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
Evokation or Reduction Strategy |
1. Neglect/Omissions of message 2. Topic retention |
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievements or Compensation Strategies |
3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution) 4. Apprehension 5. Use of all-purpose words 6. Create new words (Word-coinage) 7.Restructuring/Use of non-charging methods (Use of non linguistic means) 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Change of code 11. Request help, explanation, verification or make guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling |
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Postponement or Time Supplementary Strategy |
12. Use of words without meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices) |
Figure 7: Communication Strategy Taxonomy by Domyei & Scott (1997)
SUMMARY
Table 6: Communication Strategy
Communication Strategy | Frequency |
1 Abbreviation 2 New words with no meaning 3 Disclaimer/Contradiction 4 Questions 5 Repetition 6 Persuasion 7 Self-correction 8 Different topics/message ignorance 9 Interstate 10 Delays 11 Literal translation 12 Language changes 13 Imagination 14 Decency 15 Paraphrasing 16 Ask for Help | 15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 |
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