BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU4 PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

TAJUK : M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

     NAZRUL 196202          IKMAL  197345

PRAKATA

Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian laitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi

PROFESOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM

PRAKATA

 

 

Bil	Teks asal	Terjemahan Mesin ( Google Translate )	Editting(Track Changes)	Teks bersih
1.	Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi” ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan.	The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application” is a book that contains theories and is applied in the form of research. Research covers the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.	The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application” is a book that contains theories and is applied in the form of research. Research covers all the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.	The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application” is a book that contains theories and applied in the form of research. Research covers all the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.
2.	Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian laitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan.	This book contains two parts, namely discourse study and communication strategies. The two parts are closely related to each other because they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.	This book contains two parts, namely discourse study and communication strategies. The two parts are closely related to each other because they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.	This book contains two parts, namely discourse study and communication strategies. The two parts are closely related to each other because they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.
3.	Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse	Chapter 1 contains about an introduction to the study of discourse whichthat is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse	Chapter 1 contains about introduction to the study of discourse which is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse
4.	Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis	There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse	There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse	There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse
5.	Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse among children.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse utterance discourse among children.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse utterance among children.
6.	Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi.	Each study was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies.	Each study was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction of to communication strategies.	Each study was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction of communication strategies.
7.	Pengenalan meliputi kajian kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi.	The introduction covers research studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches.	The introduction covers included research studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses about some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches.	The introduction included studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses about some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches.
8.	Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.	A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.	A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.	A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.
9.	Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed by using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed by using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies
10.	Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching the form of study	Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching the form of study	Chapter 7 is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching the form of study\

 

 

 

PREFACE

The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application” is a book that contains theories and applied in the form of research. Research covers all the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts, namely discourse study and communication strategies. The two parts are closely related to each other because they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains about introduction to the study of discourse which is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse.There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse. Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse utterance among children. Each study was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction of communication strategies. The introduction included studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses about some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed by using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in researching the form of study

 

 

 

 

 

 

TAJUK : M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

   NAZRUL 196202         IKMAL  197345

 

BAB 1

KAJIAN WACANA

Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.

Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel. cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.

Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula. wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:

 

Sumber	Definisi Wacana
Edmonson ( 1981 )	Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya.
Kamus Dewan ( Edisi Keempat )	Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan la dan juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.
Asmah Haji Omar ( 1986 )	Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutup atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam ( 1985 )	Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.
Normaliza Abd Rahim ( 2014 )	Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.
Stubbs ( 1983 )	Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca.
Brown & Yule ( 1983 )	Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik.
Halliday & Hassan ( 1985 )	Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan at tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.
Normaliza Abd Rahim ( 2018b )	Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat

 

RUMUSAN

Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.

 

 

 

No.	Teks Asal	Terjemahan Mesin (Google Translate)	Track Changes	Teks Bersih
1	BAB 1 Kajian Wacana Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang kea rah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.	CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.	CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, which is i.e. present after the sentence level.	CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, which is present after the sentence level.
2	Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan, dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations, etc. or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of shaped works literature.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by thet person. one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations, etc. or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of shaped works literature.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by the person. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations, etc. or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of shaped works literature.
3	Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilhat dari pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk paa hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistic pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values and categories found in it.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values and categories found in it.
4	Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus ditetapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana. Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be set for the purpose of discourse analysis. Here are some definitions of discourse:	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be set for the purpose of discourse analysis. Here are some definitions of discourse:	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be set for the purpose of discourse analysis. Here are some definitions of discourse:
5	Sumber - Definisi Wacana Edmonson (1981) - Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya   Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat) - Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. Ia juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.   Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang kea rah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.	Source - Definition of Discourse Edmonson (1981) - Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other   Hall Dictionary (Fourth Edition) - Discourse is the whole of speech which is unity, speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.   Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.	Source - Definition of Discourse Edmonson (1981) - Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other   Hall Dictionary (Fourth Edition) - Discourse is the whole of speech which is unity, speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.   Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.	Source - Definition of Discourse Edmonson (1981) - Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other   Hall Dictionary (Fourth Edition) - Discourse is the whole of speech which is unity, speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.   Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.
6	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebii batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the boundaries of sentences that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the boundaries of sentences that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.	Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the boundaries of sentences that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.   Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.
7	Stubbs (1983) - Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca.	Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is understood by listeners and readers.	Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and it is understood by listeners and readers.	Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and it is understood by listeners and readers.
8	Brown & Yule (1983) - Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik.   Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.	Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.   Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning.	Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.   Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning.	Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.   Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning.
9	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.
10	Rumusan Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.	Summary The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	Summary The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness	Summary The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

Discourse Studies

Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, which is present after the sentence level.

Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by the person. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations, etc. or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of shaped works literature.

Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values and categories found in it.

Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be set for the purpose of discourse analysis.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Here are some definitions of discourse:

Source	Definition of Discourse
Edmonson (1981)	Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other
Hall Dictionary (Fourth Edition)	Discourse is the whole of speech which is unity, speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the boundaries of sentences that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.
Stubbs (1983)	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is understood by listeners and readers.
Brown & Yule (1983)	Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.

 

Summary

The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.